Eastern Europe
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The EU and External Actors in the (Im)Possible Futures of the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe
As geopolitical competition intensifies, EU enlargement has become a strategic necessity rather than a technical process. To remain the dominant actor in its neighbourhood, the bloc must strengthen democratic resilience and reduce external dependencies
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Pathways to the East, pathways to the West: Four scenarios of Eastern Europe in 2035
This paper develops four exploratory scenarios for Eastern Europe in 2035, tracing how domestic struggles between open and closed societies intersect with intensifying great-power competition. Drawing on collaborative foresight and scenario-building, it examines how differing combinations of EU engagement, Russian and Chinese influence, and societal resilience could shape the political trajectories of Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia over the coming decade